Jose Rizal

Meaning of Measurement Measurementâ is the procedure or the aftereffect of deciding theâ ratioâ of aâ physical amount, for example, a length, time, temperature and so forth , to a unit of estimation, for example, the meter, second or degree Celsius. The study of estimation is calledâ metrology. The English wordâ measurementâ originates from the Latin mensura and the verbâ metiriâ through the Middle Frenchâ mesure. Reference: http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Measurement Quantities *Basic FundamentalQuantity name/s| (Common) Quantity image/s| SI unit name| SI unit symbol| Dimension symbol| Length, width, tallness, depth| a, b, c, d, h, l, r, s, w, x, y, z| metre| m| [L]| Time| t| second| s| [T]| Mass| m| kilogram| kg| [M]| Temperature| T, ? | kelvin| K| [? ]| Amount ofâ substance, number of moles| n| mole| mol| [N]| Electric current| I, I| ampere| A| [I]| Luminous intensity| Iv| candela| Cd| [J]| Plane angle| ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? | radian| rad| dimensionless| Solid angle| ? , ? | steradian| sr| dimensionless| Derived Quantities Space Common) Quantity name/s| (Common) Quantity symbol| SI unit| Dimension| (Spatial)â position (vector)| r, R, a, d| m| [L]| Angular position, edge of revolution (can be treated as vector or scalar)| ? , ? | rad| dimensionless| Area, cross-section| A, S, ? | m2| [L]2| Vector area (Magnitude of surface region, coordinated ordinary totangentialâ plane of surface)| | m2| [L]2| Volume| ? , V| m3| [L]3| Quantity| Typical symbols| Definition| Meaning, usage| Dimension| Quantity| q| Amount of a property| [q]| Rate of progress of quantity, Time derivative| | Rate of progress of property as for time| [q] [T]? 1| Quantity spatial density| ? volume thickness (nâ = 3),â ? = surface thickness (nâ = 2),â ? = straight thickness (nâ = 1)No regular image forâ n-space thickness, hereâ ? nâ is utilized. | Amount of property per unit n-space(length, zone, volume or higher dimensions)| [q][L]-n| Specific quant ity| qm| | Amount of property per unit mass| [q][L]-n| Molar quantity| qn| | Amount of property per mole of substance| [q][L]-n| Quantity inclination (ifâ qâ is aâ scalar field. | Rate of progress of property as for position| [q] [L]? 1| Spectral amount (for EM waves)| qv, q? , q? | Two definitions are utilized, for recurrence and frequency: | Amount of property per unit frequency or recurrence. [q][L]? 1â (q? )[q][T] (q? )| Flux, stream (synonymous)| ? F, F| Two definitions are used;Transport mechanics,â nuclear material science/molecule material science: Vector field: | Flow of a property however a cross-segment/surface limit. | [q] [T]? 1 [L]? 2, [F] [L]2| Flux density| F| | Flow of a property however a cross-segment/surface limit per unit cross-segment/surface area| [F]| Current| I, I| | Rate of stream of property through a crosssection/surface boundary| [q] [T]? 1| Current thickness (in some cases called motion thickness in transport mechanics)| j, J| | Rate of stream of property per unit cross-segment/surface area| [q] [T]? 1 [L]? | Reference: http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Physical_quantity#General_derived_quantities http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Physical_quantity#Base_quantities System of Units Unit name| Unit symbol| Quantity| Definition (Incomplete)| Dimension symbol| metre| m| length| * Originalâ (1793):â 1? 10000000â of the meridian through Paris between the North Pole and the EquatorFG * Currentâ (1983): The separation went by light in vacuum inâ 1? 299792458â of a second| L| kilogram[note 1]| kg| mass| * Originalâ (1793): Theâ graveâ was characterized similar to the weight [mass] of one cubic decimetre of unadulterated water at its freezing point.FG * Currentâ (1889): The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram| M| second| s| time| * Original (Medieval): 1? 86400â of every day * Currentâ (1967): The span ofâ 9 192 631 770â periods of the radiation comparing to the change between the two hyperfi ne degrees of the ground condition of the caesium 133 atom| T| ampere| A| electric current| * Originalâ (1881): A tenth of the electromagnetic CGS unit of flow. [The [CGS] emu unit of current is that current, streaming in a bend 1â cm long of a hover 1â cm in range makes a field of one oersted at the inside. 37]]. IEC * Currentâ (1946): The consistent ebb and flow which, whenever kept up in two straight equal conductors of unending length, of immaterial roundabout cross-segment, and set 1â m separated in vacuum, would deliver between these conductors a power equivalent to 2 x 10-7â newton per meter of length| I| kelvin| K| thermodynamic temperature| * Originalâ (1743): Theâ centigrade scaleâ is got by doling out 0â ° to the point of solidification of water and 100â ° to the breaking point of water. * Currentâ (1967): The portion 1/273. 16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple purpose of water| ? mole| mol| measure of substance| * Originalâ (1900): The atomic lo ad of a substance in mass grams. ICAW * Currentâ (1967): The measure of substance of a framework which contains the same number of rudimentary elements as there are molecules in 0. 012 kilogram of carbon 12. [note 2]| N| candela| cd| glowing intensity| * Original (1946):The estimation of the new light is with the end goal that the brilliance of the full radiator at the temperature of hardening of platinum is 60 new candles for every square centimeter * Currentâ (1979): The iridescent force, in a provided guidance, of a source that discharges monochromatic radiation of recurrence 540â ? 012â hertz and that has a brilliant power toward that path of 1/683 watt for every steradian. | J| Reference: http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/International_System_of_Units Scientific Notation Scientific notationâ (more ordinarily known asâ standard structure) is a method for composing numbers that are too huge or too little to even consider being advantageously written in decimal struc ture. Logical documentation has various helpful properties and is normally utilized in mini-computers and by researchers, mathematicians and engineers.In logical documentation all numbers are written as (aâ times ten raised to the force ofâ b), where theâ exponentâ bâ is anâ integer, and theâ coefficientâ aâ is anyâ real numberâ (however, seeâ normalized notationâ below), called theâ significandâ orâ mantissa. The term â€Å"mantissa† may create turmoil, nonetheless, in light of the fact that it can likewise allude to theâ fractionalâ part of the commonâ logarithm. On the off chance that the number is negative, at that point a less sign precedesâ aâ (as in customary decimal documentation). â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Converting numbers Converting a number in these cases intends to either change over the number into logical documentation structure, convert it once again into decimal structure or to chan ge the example part of the condition. None of these modify the real number, just how it's communicated. Decimal to logical First, move the decimal separator point the required amount,â n, to make the number's an incentive inside an ideal range, somewhere in the range of 1 and 10 for standardized documentation. On the off chance that the decimal was moved to one side, appendâ xâ 10n; to the right,â xâ 10-n.To speak to the number 1,230,400 in standardized logical documentation, the decimal separator would be moved 6 digits to one side andâ xâ 106â appended, coming about in1. 2304? 106. The number - 0. 004â 0321 would have its decimal separator moved 3 digits to one side rather than the left and yieldâ ? 4. 0321? 10? 3â as an outcome. Logical to decimal Converting a number from logical documentation to decimal documentation, first evacuate theâ x 10nâ on the end, at that point move the decimal separatorâ nâ digits to one side (positiveâ n) or left (negativeâ n). The nu mber1. 2304? 06â would have its decimal separator moved 6 digits to one side and become 1 230 400, whileâ ? 4. 0321? 10? 3â would have its decimal separator moved 3 digits to one side and be-0. 0040321. Exponential Conversion between various logical documentation portrayals of a similar number with various exponential qualities is accomplished by performing inverse activities of augmentation or division by an intensity of ten on the significand and a deduction or expansion of one on the type part. The decimal separator in the significand is shiftedâ xâ places to one side (or right) and 1xâ is added to (deducted from) the example, as demonstrated as follows. . 234? 103â =â 12. 34? 102â =â 123. 4? 101â = 1234 Significant Figures Theâ significant figuresâ (also known asâ significant digits, and regularly abbreviated toâ sig figs) of a number are thoseâ digitsâ that convey importance adding to itsâ precision. This incorporates all digitsexcept: * leadingâ andâ traili ng zerosâ which are simply placeholders to demonstrate the size of the number. * misleading digits presented, for instance, by estimations completed to more prominent exactness than that of the first information, or estimations answered to a more noteworthy accuracy than the hardware supports.Inaccuracy of an estimating gadget doesn't influence the quantity of huge figures in an estimation made utilizing that gadget, despite the fact that it affects the precision. An estimation made utilizing a plastic ruler that has been forgotten about in the sun or a container that unbeknownst to the professional has a couple of glass dabs at the base has indistinguishable number of critical figures from an altogether extraordinary estimation of the equivalent physical article made utilizing an unaltered ruler or measuring utencil. The quantity of critical figures mirrors the gadget's exactness, however not its accuracy.The essential idea of noteworthy figures is frequently utilized in associa tion withâ rounding. Adjusting to critical figures is a more universally useful procedure than adjusting toâ nâ decimal places, since it handles quantities of various scales in a uniform manner. For instance, the number of inhabitants in a city may just be known to the closest thousand and be